[MassHistPres] Zoning changes with in an Historic District adoptedwithout prior review by Commission

[Chris Skelly]

Nancy, see MGL Chapter 40C-Section 7 below.  I put the relevant text in
red.

Although outside the purview of a local historic district commission,
additional housing density, walkability and mixed uses sound like positives
for your village.  Does your Master Plan cover this topic and how to
incorporate additional density while at the same time
preserving significant historic resources?

*Chris Skelly*
*Skelly Preservation Services*
Community Planning and Preservation
www.skellypreservationservices.com
ccskelly12 at gmail.com

*Massachusetts Historic Districts Act – unofficial for searching purposes –
consult M.G.L. 40C*

*Chapter 40C: Section 1. Citation.*

Section 1. This chapter shall be known and may be cited as the Historic
Districts Act.

*Chapter 40C: Section 2. Purpose.*

Section 2. The purpose of this chapter is to promote the educational,
cultural, economic and general welfare of the public through the
preservation and protection of the distinctive characteristics of buildings
and places significant in the history of the commonwealth and its cities
and towns or their architecture, and through the maintenance and
improvement of settings for such buildings and places and the encouragement
of design compatible therewith.

*Chapter 40C: Section 3. Establishment of historic districts;
pre-requisites; enlargement or reduction of boundaries; amendment of
creating ordinance; filing of maps.*

Section 3. A city or town may, by ordinance or by-law adopted by two-thirds
vote of the city council in a city or by a two-thirds vote of a town
meeting in a town, establish historic districts subject to the following
provisions:-- Prior to the establishment of any historic district in a city
or town an investigation and report on the historical and architectural
significance of the buildings, structures or sites to be included in the
proposed historic district or districts shall be made by an historic
district study committee or by an historic district commission, as provided
in this section and in section four, who shall transmit copies of the
report to the planning board, if any, of the city or town, and to the
Massachusetts historical commission for their respective consideration and
recommendations. The buildings, structures or sites to be included in the
proposed historic district may consist of one or more parcels or lots of
land, or one or more buildings or structures on one or more parcels or lots
of land. The Massachusetts historical commission may consult with the
executive director of the Massachusetts office of business development, the
secretary of communities and development and the commissioner of
environmental management with respect to such reports, and may make
guidelines for such reports, and, after public hearing, establish rules as
to their form and manner of transmission. Not less than sixty days after
such transmittal the study committee shall hold a public hearing on the
report after due notice given at least fourteen days prior to the date
thereof, which shall include a written notice mailed postage prepaid, to
the owners as they appear on the most recent real estate tax list of the
board of assessors of all properties to be included in such district or
districts. The committee shall submit a final report with its
recommendations, a map of the proposed district or districts and a draft of
a proposed ordinance or by-law, to the city council or town meeting.

An historic district may be enlarged or reduced or an additional historic
district in a city or town created in the manner provided for creation of
the initial district, except that (a) in the case of the enlargement or
reduction of an existing historic district the investigation, report and
hearing shall be by the historic district commission having jurisdiction
over such historic district instead of by a study committee; (b) in the
case of creation of an additional historic district the investigation,
report and hearing shall be by the historic district commission of the city
or town, or by the historic district commissions acting jointly if there be
more than one, instead of by a study committee unless the commission or
commissions recommend otherwise; and (c) if the district is to be reduced
written notice as above provided of the commission's hearing on the
proposal shall be given to said owners of each property in the district.

Any ordinance or by-law creating an historic district may, from time to
time, be amended in any manner not inconsistent with the provisions of this
chapter by a two-thirds vote of the city council in a city or by a
two-thirds vote of a town meeting in a town, provided that the substance of
such amendment has first been submitted to the historic district commission
having jurisdiction over such district for its recommendation and its
recommendation has been received or sixty days have elapsed without such
recommendation.

No ordinance or by-law creating an historic district, or changing the
boundaries of an historic district, shall become effective until a map or
maps setting forth the boundaries of the historic district, or the change
in the boundaries thereof, has been filed with the city clerk or town clerk
and has been recorded in the registry of deeds for the county or district
in which the city or town is located, and the provisions of section
thirteen A of chapter thirty-six shall not apply.

*Chapter 40C: Section 4. Study committees; commissions; establishment;
membership; terms; vacancies; compensation; officers.*

Section 4. An historic district study committee may be established in any
city or town by vote of the city council or board of selectmen for the
purpose of making an investigation of the desirability of establishing an
historic district or districts therein. The study committee shall consist
of not less than three nor more than seven members appointed in a city by
the mayor, subject to confirmation by the city council, or in a town by the
board of selectmen, including one member from two nominees submitted by the
local historical society or, in the absence thereof, by the Society for the
Preservation of New England Antiquities, one member from two nominees
submitted by the chapter of the American Institute of Architects covering
the area, and one member from two nominees of the board of realtors, if
any, covering the area. If within thirty days after submission of a written
request for nominees to any of the organizations herein named no such
nominations have been made the appointing body may proceed to appoint the
study committee without nominations by such organization.

Whenever an historic district is established as provided in section three
an historic district commission shall be established which shall consist of
not less than three nor more than seven members. An historic district
commission shall be appointed in a city by the mayor, subject to
confirmation by the city council, or in a town by the board of selectmen,
in the same manner as an historic district study committee unless (a) the
report recommending its establishment recommends alternate or additional
organizations to submit nominees for membership and states reasons why such
alternate or additional organizations would be appropriate or more
appropriate for the particular city or town, the Massachusetts historical
commission does not recommend otherwise prior to the public hearing on the
establishment of the district, and the ordinance or by-law so provides; or
(b) there is an existing historic district commission in the city or town
which the report recommends should administer the new district, and the
ordinance or by-law so provides. Unless the report recommends otherwise on
account of the small number of residents or individual property owners, and
the ordinance or by-law so provides, the members of the historic district
commission shall include one or more residents of or owners of property in
an historic district to be administered by the commission. If within thirty
days after submission of a written request for nominees to an organization
entitled to submit nominations for membership on the commission no such
nominations have been made the appointing body may proceed to make the
appointment to the commission without nomination by such organization. The
appointments to membership in the commission shall be so arranged that the
term of at least one member will expire each year, and their successors
shall be appointed in the same manner as the original appointment for terms
of three years. Vacancies shall be filled in the same manner as the
original appointment for the unexpired term. Ordinances or by-laws adopted
hereunder may provide for the appointment of alternate members not
exceeding in number the principal members who need not be from nominees of
organizations entitled to nominate members. In case of the absence,
inability to act or unwillingness to act because of self-interest on the
part of a member of the commission, his place shall be taken by an
alternate member designated by the chairman. Each member and alternate
shall continue in office after the expiration of his term until his
successor is duly appointed and qualified. All members shall serve without
compensation. The commission shall elect annually a chairman and
vice-chairman from its own number and a secretary from within or without
its number.

*Chapter 40C: Section 5. Definitions.*

Section 5. As used in this chapter the word "altered" includes the words
"rebuilt", "reconstructed", "restored", "removed" and "demolished" and the
phrase "changed in exterior color"; the word "building" means a combination
of materials forming a shelter for persons, animals or property; the word
"commission" means the commission acting as the historic district
commission; the word "constructed" includes the words "built", "erected",
"installed", "enlarged", and "moved"; the words "exterior architectural
feature" mean such portion of the exterior of a building or structure as is
open to view from a public street, public way, public park or public body
of water, including but not limited to the architectural style and general
arrangement and setting thereof, the kind, color and texture of exterior
building materials, the color of paint or other materials applied to
exterior surfaces and the type and style of windows, doors, lights, signs
and other appurtenant exterior fixtures; the words "person aggrieved" mean
the applicant, an owner of adjoining property, an owner of property within
the same historic district as property within one hundred feet of said
property lines and any charitable corporation in which one of its purposes
is the preservation of historic structures or districts; and the word
"structure" means a combination of materials other than a building,
including a sign, fence, wall, terrace, walk or driveway.

*Chapter 40C: Section 6. Certificates of appropriateness, non-applicability
or hardship; necessity; applications and plans, etc.; building and
demolition permits restricted.*

Section 6. Except as the ordinance or by-law may otherwise provide in
accordance with section eight or said section eight or nine, no building or
structure within an historic district shall be constructed or altered in
any way that affects exterior architectural features unless the commission
shall first have issued a certificate of appropriateness, a certificate of
non-applicability or a certificate of hardship with respect to such
construction or alteration.

Any person who desires to obtain a certificate from the commission shall
file with the commission an application for a certificate of
appropriateness, a certificate of non-applicability or a certificate of
hardship, as the case may be, in such form as the commission may reasonably
determine, together with such plans, elevations, specifications, material
and other information, including in the case of demolition or removal a
statement of the proposed condition and appearance of the property
thereafter, as may be reasonably deemed necessary by the commission to
enable it to make a determination on the application.

No building permit for construction of a building or structure or for
alteration of an exterior architectural feature within an historic district
and no demolition permit for demolition or removal of a building or
structure within an historic district shall be issued by a city or town or
any department thereof until the certificate required by this section has
been issued by the commission.

*Chapter 40C: Section 7. Factors to be considered by commission.*

Section 7. In passing upon matters before it the commission shall consider,
among other things, the historic and architectural value and significance
of the site, building or structure, the general design, arrangement,
texture, material and color of the features involved, and the relation of
such features to similar features of buildings and structures in the
surrounding area. In the case of new construction or additions to existing
buildings or structures the commission shall consider the appropriateness
of the size and shape of the building or structure both in relation to the
land area upon which the building or structure is situated and to buildings
and structures in the vicinity, and the commission may in appropriate cases
impose dimensional and set-back requirements in addition to those required
by applicable ordinance or by-law. When ruling on applications for
certificates of appropriateness for solar energy systems, as defined in
section one A of chapter forty A, the commission shall also consider the
policy of the commonwealth to encourage the use of solar energy systems and
to protect solar access. The commission shall not consider interior
arrangements or architectural features not subject to public view.

The commission shall not make any recommendation or requirement except for
the purpose of preventing developments incongruous to the historic aspects
or the architectural characteristics of the surroundings and of the
historic district.

*Chapter 40C: Section 8. Review authority of commission over certain
categories of buildings, structures or exterior architectural features
limited; authorization.*

Section 8. (a) Any city or town may provide in the ordinance or by-law
establishing a district or in any amendment thereof that the authority of
the commission shall not extend to the review of one or more of the
following categories of buildings or structures or exterior architectural
features in the historic district, and, in this event, the buildings or
structures or exterior architectural features so excluded may be
constructed or altered within the historic district without review by the
commission:

(1) Temporary structures or signs, subject, however, to such conditions as
to duration of use, location, lighting, removal and similar matters as the
commission may reasonably specify.

(2) Terraces, walks, driveways, sidewalks and similar structures, or any
one or more of them, provided that any such structure is substantially at
grade level.

(3) Walls and fences, or either of them.

(4) Storm doors and windows, screens, window air conditioners, lighting
fixtures, antennae and similar appurtenances, or any one or more of them.

(5) The color of paint.

(6) The color of materials used on roofs.

(7) Signs of not more than one square foot in area in connection with use
of a residence for a customary home occupation or for professional
purposes, provided only one such sign is displayed in connection with each
residence and if illuminated is illuminated only indirectly; and one sign
in connection with the nonresidential use of each building or structure
which is not more than twelve square feet in area, consist of letters
painted on wood without symbol or trademark and if illuminated is
illuminated only indirectly; or either of them.

(8) The reconstruction, substantially similar in exterior design, of a
building, structure or exterior architectural feature damaged or destroyed
by fire, storm or other disaster, provided such reconstruction is begun
within one year thereafter and carried forward with due diligence.

(b) A commission may determine from time to time after public hearing that
certain categories of exterior architectural features, colors, structures
or signs, including, without limitation, any of those enumerated under
paragraph (a), if the provisions of the ordinance or by-law do not limit
the authority of the commission with respect thereto, may be constructed or
altered without review by the commission without causing substantial
derogation from the intent and purposes of this chapter.

(c) A city or town may provide in its ordinance or by-law, or in any
amendment thereof, that the authority of the commission shall be limited to
exterior architectural features within a district which are subject to view
from one or more designated public streets, public ways, public parks or
public bodies of water, although other portions of buildings or structures
within the district may be otherwise subject to public view, and, in the
absence of such provision of the ordinance or by-law, a commission may
determine from time to time after public hearing that the authority of the
commission may be so limited without substantial derogation from the intent
and purposes of this chapter.

(d) Upon request the commission shall issue a certificate of
nonapplicability with respect to construction or alteration in any category
then not subject to review by the commission in accordance with the
provisions of paragraph (a), (b) or (c).

*Chapter 40C: Section 9. Maintenance and repair, etc.*

Section 9. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent the
ordinary maintenance, repair or replacement of any exterior architectural
feature within an historic district which does not involve a change in
design, material, color or the outward appearance thereof, nor to prevent
landscaping with plants, trees or shrubs, nor construed to prevent the
meeting of requirements certified by a duly authorized public officer to be
necessary for public safety because of an unsafe or dangerous condition,
nor construed to prevent any construction or alteration under a permit duly
issued prior to the effective date of the applicable historic district
ordinance or by-law.

*Chapter 40C: Section 10. Additional powers, functions and duties of
commission.*

Section 10. The commission shall have the following additional powers,
functions and duties:-- (a) If the commission determines that the
construction or alteration for which an application for a certificate of
appropriateness has been filed will be appropriate for or compatible with
the preservation or protection of the historic district, the commission
shall cause a certificate of appropriateness to be issued to the applicant.
In the case of a disapproval of an application for a certificate of
appropriateness the commission shall place upon its records the reasons for
such determination and shall forthwith cause a notice of its determination,
accompanied by a copy of the reasons therefor as set forth in the records
of the commission, to be issued to the applicant, and the commission may
make recommendations to the applicant with respect to appropriateness of
design, arrangement, texture, material and similar features. Prior to the
issuance of any disapproval the commission may notify the applicant of its
proposed action accompanied by recommendations of changes in the
applicant's proposal which, if made, would make the application acceptable
to the commission. If within fourteen days of the receipt of such a notice
the applicant files a written modification of his application in conformity
with the recommended changes of the commission, the commission shall cause
a certificate of appropriateness to be issued to the applicant.

(b) In the case of a determination by the commission that an application
for a certificate of appropriateness or for a certificate of
nonapplicability does not involve any exterior architectural feature, or
involves an exterior architectural feature which is not then subject to
review by the commission in accordance with the provisions of section
eight, the commission shall cause a certificate of nonapplicability to be
issued to the applicant.

(c) If the construction or alteration for which an application for a
certificate of appropriateness has been filed shall be determined to be
inappropriate, or in the event of an application for a certificate of
hardship, the commission shall determine whether, owing to conditions
especially affecting the building or structure involved, but not affecting
the historic district generally, failure to approve an application will
involve a substantial hardship, financial or otherwise, to the applicant
and whether such application may be approved without substantial detriment
to the public welfare and without substantial derogation from the intent
and purposes of this chapter. If the commission determines that owing to
such conditions failure to approve an application will involve substantial
hardship to the applicant and approval thereof may be made without such
substantial detriment or derogation, or in the event of failure to make a
determination on an application within the time specified in section
eleven, the commission shall cause a certificate of hardship to be issued
to the applicant.

(d) Each certificate issued by the commission shall be dated and signed by
its chairman, vice-chairman, secretary or such other person designated by
the commission to sign such certificates on its behalf.

(e) The commission shall keep a permanent record of its resolutions,
transactions, and determinations and of the vote of each member
participating therein, and may adopt and amend such rules and regulations
not inconsistent with the provisions of this act and prescribe such forms
as it shall deem desirable and necessary for the regulation of its affairs
and the conduct of its business. The commission shall file a copy of any
such rules and regulations with the city or town clerk.

(f) The commission shall file with the city or town clerk and with any
department of the city or town having authority to issue building permits a
copy or notice of all certificates and determinations of disapproval issued
by it.

(g) A commission may after public hearing set forth in such manner as it
may determine the various designs of certain appurtenances, such as light
fixtures, which will meet the requirements of an historic district and a
roster of certain colors of paint and roofing materials which will meet the
requirements of an historic district, but no such determination shall limit
the right of an applicant to present other designs or colors to the
commission for its approval.

(h) The commission may, subject to appropriation, employ clerical and
technical assistants or consultants and incur other expenses appropriate to
the carrying on of its work, and may accept money gifts and expend the same
for such purposes. The commission may administer on behalf of the city or
town any properties or easements, restrictions or other interests in real
property which the city or town may have or may accept as gifts or
otherwise and which the city or town may designate the commission as the
administrator thereof.

(i) The commission shall have, in addition to the powers, authority and
duties granted to it by this act, such other powers, authority and duties
as may be delegated or assigned to it from time to time by vote of the city
council or town meeting.

*Chapter 40C: Section 11. Approval or disapproval of exterior architectural
features by commission; meetings; applications for certificates; public
hearings; notices.*

Section 11. Meetings of a commission shall be held at the call of the
chairman and shall be called at the request of two members of the
commission and in such other manner as the commission shall determine in
its rules. A majority of the members of a commission shall constitute a
quorum. The concurring vote of a majority of the members of the commission
shall be necessary to issue a certificate of appropriateness, a certificate
of non-applicability or a certificate of hardship.

A commission shall determine promptly, and in all events within fourteen
days after the filing of an application for a certificate of
appropriateness, a certificate of non-applicability or a certificate of
hardship, as the case may be, whether the application involves any exterior
architectural features which are subject to approval by the commission. If
a commission determines that such application involves any such features
which are subject to approval by the commission the commission shall hold a
public hearing on such application unless such hearing is dispensed with as
hereinafter provided.

The commission shall fix a reasonable time for the hearing on any
application and shall give public notice of the time, place and purposes
thereof at least fourteen days before said hearing in such manner as it may
determine, and by mailing, postage prepaid, a copy of said notice to the
applicant, to the owners of all adjoining property and other property
deemed by the commission to be materially affected thereby as they appear
on the most recent real estate tax list of the board of assessors, to the
planning board of the city or town, to any person filing written request
for notice of hearings, such request to be renewed yearly in December, and
to such other persons as the commission shall deem entitled to notice.

As soon as convenient after such public hearing but in any event within
sixty days after the filing of the application, or such lesser period as
the ordinance or by-law may provide, or within such further time as the
applicant may allow in writing, the commission shall make a determination
on the application. If the commission shall fail to make a determination
within such period of time the commission shall thereupon issue a
certificate of hardship.

A public hearing on an application need not be held if such hearing is
waived in writing by all persons entitled to notice thereof. In addition, a
public hearing on an application may be waived by the commission if the
commission determines that the exterior architectural feature involved or
its category or color, as the case may be, is so insubstantial in its
effect on the historic district that it may be reviewed by the commission
without public hearing on the application, provided, however, that if the
commission dispenses with a public hearing on an application notice of the
application shall be given to the owners of all adjoining property and
other property deemed by the commission to be materially affected thereby
as above provided and ten days shall elapse after the mailing of such
notice before the commission may act upon such application.

*Chapter 40C: Section 12. Review procedure provided by local ordinance or
by-law.*

Section 12. A city or town may provide in its ordinance or by-law or in any
amendment thereof, for a review procedure whereby any person aggrieved by a
determination of the commission may, within twenty days after the filing of
the notice of such determination with the city or town clerk, file a
written request with the commission for a review by a person or persons of
competence and experience in such matters, designated by the regional
planning agency of which the city or town is a member. If the city or town
is not a member of a regional planning agency, the department of community
affairs shall select the appropriate regional planning agency.

The finding of the person or persons making such review shall be filed with
the city or town clerk within forty-five days after the request, and shall
be binding on the applicant and the commission, unless a further appeal is
sought in the superior court as provided in section twelve A.

*Chapter 40C: Section 12A. Appeal to superior court.*

Section 12A. Any person aggrieved by a determination of the commission, or
by the finding of a person or persons making a review, if the provisions of
section twelve are included in a local ordinance or by-law, may, within
twenty days after the filing of the notice of such determination or such
finding with the city or town clerk, appeal to the superior court sitting
in equity for the county in which the city or town is situated. The court
shall hear all pertinent evidence and shall annul the determination of the
commission if it finds the decision of the commission to be unsupported by
the evidence or to exceed the authority of the commission, or may remand
the case for further action by the commission or make such other decree as
justice and equity may require. The remedy provided by this section shall
be exclusive but the parties shall have all rights of appeal and exception
as in other equity cases. Costs shall not be allowed against the commission
unless it shall appear to the court that the commission acted with gross
negligence, in bad faith or with malice in the matter from which the appeal
was taken. Costs shall not be allowed against the party appealing from such
determination of the commission unless it shall appear to the court that
such party acted in bad faith or with malice in making the appeal to the
court.

*Chapter 40C: Section 13. Jurisdiction of superior court; penalty.*

Section 13. The superior court sitting in equity for the county in which
the city or town is situated shall have jurisdiction to enforce the
provisions of this chapter and any ordinance or by-law enacted hereunder
and the determinations, rulings and regulations issued pursuant thereto and
may, upon the petition of the mayor or of the board of selectmen or of the
commission, restrain by injunction violations thereof; and, without
limitation, such court may order the removal of any building, structure or
exterior architectural feature constructed in violation thereof, or the
substantial restoration of any building, structure or exterior
architectural feature altered or demolished in violation thereof, and may
issue such other orders for relief as may be equitable.

Whoever violates any of the provisions of this chapter shall be punished by
a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than five hundred dollars.
Each day during any portion of which a violation continues to exist shall
constitute a separate offense.

*Chapter 40C: Section 14. Powers and duties of commissions established
hereunder as historical commissions.*

Section 14. If the city council or town meeting so votes a commission
established hereunder shall have the powers and duties of an historical
commission as provided in section eight D of chapter forty and, in this
event, a commission may be entitled an historical commission.

*Chapter 40C: Section 15. Filing of ordinances, maps, reports, etc.*

Section 15. All ordinance or by-laws creating an historic district adopted
by a city or town under authority of this chapter and under authority of
any special law, unless the special law shall otherwise provide, amendments
thereto, maps of historic districts created thereunder, and annual reports
and other publications of commissions, and rosters of membership therein,
shall be filed with the Massachusetts historical commission.

*Chapter 40C: Section 16. Special historic districts; acceptance and effect
of this chapter.*

Section 16. A city or town in which there is located an historic district
established under a special law may, upon recommendation of the historic
district commission having jurisdiction over such district, accept the
provisions of this chapter with respect to such district by a two-thirds
vote of the city council in a city or by two-thirds vote of a town meeting
in a town, and thereafter such historic district shall be subject to the
provisions of this chapter notwithstanding the terms of any special act
pursuant to which such historic district was created. The provisions of
this chapter shall not impair the validity of an historic district
established under any special act.

*Chapter 40C: Section 17. Severability.*

Section 17. The provisions of this chapter shall be deemed to be severable
if any of its provisions shall be held to be invalid or unconstitutional by
any court of competent jurisdiction the remaining provisions shall continue
in full force and effect.



On Sat, Apr 26, 2025 at 11:46 AM Ralph Slate via MassHistPres <
masshistpres at cs.umb.edu> wrote:

> Hi Nancy, local historic districts would take precedence over zoning. Any
> construction or change has to be appropriate for the district, and it is
> not a reasonable argument to say that a property must be changed in an
> inappropriate way to make any legal use economically possible.  It is not a
> hardship to be prevented from changing the use of  your property, even if
> that use is permissible under zoning.
>
> Ralph Slate
> Springfield, MA
>
>
>
> Sent via BlackBerry Hub+ Inbox for Android
>
>
>           Original Message
>
>
> From: masshistpres at cs.umb.edu
> Sent: April 25, 2025 8:05 AM
> To: masshistpres at cs.umb.edu
> Subject: [MassHistPres] Zoning changes with in an Historic District
> adoptedwithout prior review by Commission
>
>
> Hello to all,
>
> During Covid our small town of Norton changed the previous zoning
> requirements within the Historic  District and never notified the HDC about
> the initiative. 100 town’s people attended the meeting in the football
> stadium and voted this new zoning, VCC, Village Core Center, in. The major
> difference is the VCC zoning is allowing commercial/retail buildings to be
> built on the ground level and residential space above with a max height of
> 4 stories. The concept of VCC is to help modify the town center into a
> shopping  destination that is walkable and more “village-like”. For
> perspective, there is no “downtown “ in Norton. The center is a beautiful
> Common surrounded by historic houses, church and Wheatons Presidents house
> which is outstanding. As you drive away from the center then a CVS and Ace
> pops up.
>
> The main point of my message is if any other Historic District Commissions
> have experienced a similar situation where zoning bylaws were changed
> within a Historic District  but without review or consent from the
> Commission?  Thanks
>
> Best,
>
> Nancy
> Nancy Robbins Federici
> C. (508) 958-5165
>
> We hire smart people not to tell them what to do but for them to tell us.
>                                  Steve Jobs
>
>
>
>
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> MassHistPres mailing list
> MassHistPres at cs.umb.edu
> https://mailman.cs.umb.edu/listinfo/masshistpres
> _______________________________________________
> MassHistPres mailing list
> MassHistPres at cs.umb.edu
> https://mailman.cs.umb.edu/listinfo/masshistpres
>


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